Cost Basis Gain or Loss and Performance

Why Cost Basis Gain or Loss Doesn’t Equal Investment Performance Image Shows Man Holding Sign that Reads Cost Basis.

When reviewing investment performance, there’s a common misconception that unrealized and realized capital gain or loss is a measurement of performance. We take a look at how cost basis gain or loss may not be the best indicator.

Presented by: Kevin M. Curley, II, CFP®

It’s important to understand that unrealized capital gain or loss merely shows what must be reported to the IRS if the investment was sold, which is different from the gain or loss that resulted from the change in value (market appreciation or depreciation plus income) since the time of purchase. For this reason, cost basis should be used to calculate capital gains or losses for tax filing purposes only—not to measure investment performance.

Hypothetical Example

An identical $10,000 investment is made in two mutual funds (Mutual Fund A and Mutual Fund B) on the same day. The $10,000 investment is the original cost basis for each fund.

Original Cost Basis

	Mutual Fund A	Mutual Fund B
Initial investment	$10,000	$10,000
Price paid per share	$10	$10
Shares	1,000	1,000
Original cost basis	$10,000	$10,000

During the year, the value of Mutual Fund A increases $1,000 because of market appreciation, but the fund pays no dividends. Mutual Fund A ends the year with a market value of $11,000.

Mutual Fund B experiences no market gains but earns $1,000 in dividends, which are reinvested at a net asset value of $10. The total year-end market value, however, is $11,000, the same as Mutual Fund A.

Account Activity

	Mutual Fund A	Mutual Fund B
Initial investment	$10,000	$10,000
Increase from market appreciation	$1,000	$0
Dividends paid and reinvested	$0	$1,000
Price per share for reinvested dividends	N/A	$10
Shares purchased with reinvested dividends	N/A	100
Year-end account value	$11,000	$11,000

Here’s where cost basis and investment performance start to differ.

When the price of Mutual Fund A went up, the value of the account increased to $11,000—but the cost basis remained steady at $10,000. The additional $1,000 is considered unrealized capital gain, which is commonly misinterpreted as investment performance.

When the dividends for Mutual Fund B were reinvested, the cost basis increased to $11,000 because the dividends were used to buy more shares and treated like any other investment in the fund.

Year-End Cost Basis

	Mutual Fund A	Mutual Fund B
Year-end account value	$11,000	$11,000
Shares	1,000	1,100
Price per share	$11	$10
Year-end cost basis	$10,000	$11,000
Unrealized capital gain/loss	$1,000	$0

	Starting Value	Ending Value	Investment Performance Return	Unrealized Capital Gain/Loss
Mutual Fund A	$10,000	$11,000	10%	10%
Mutual Fund B	$10,000	$11,000	10%	0%

In this scenario, both investments reflect the same year-end account value and investment performance return but have an unequal unrealized capital gain. This is because the dividend was used to buy more shares, which increased the cost basis of the Mutual Fund B investment. The unrealized capital gain or loss considers only the difference between the market value of the investment and the associated cost basis. It does not capture the dividends, interest, or capital gains the fund distributes to the investor. Whether you reinvest distributions or take them in cash, they should be considered part of your return. When a stock pays a dividend or a bond generates interest, it represents earned money you didn’t have before.

Using the Right Metrics

Use performance metrics when assessing investment holdings such as the time-weighted return and internal rate of return—rather than unrealized capital gain or loss—to accurately measure investment performance. Cost basis won’t tell you how much money you have made, but it will give you the information you need to file your taxes. If you’d like to learn more about these concepts and metrics, I’d be happy to discuss them with you.

Kevin M. Curley, II is a financial advisor located at Global Wealth Advisors 100 Crescent Court, 7^th Floor, Dallas, TX 75201. He offers securities and advisory services as an Investment Adviser Representative of Commonwealth Financial Network^®, Member FINRA / SIPC, a Registered Investment Adviser. Financial planning services offered through Global Wealth Advisors are separate and unrelated to Commonwealth. He can be reached at (214) 613-6580 or at info@gwadvisors.net.